Boost C++ Libraries

Boost 1.51

Unpacking Expressions

In Boost 1.51, Proto got simple unpacking patterns. When working with Proto transforms, unpacking expressions are useful for unpacking the children of an expression into a function call or an object constructor, while optionally applying some transformations to each child in turn.

See the Unpacking Expressions section for more information.

Boost 1.44

Behavior Change: proto::and_<>

In Boost 1.44, the behavior of proto::and_<> as a transform changed. Previously, it only applied the transform associated with the last grammar in the set. Now, it applies all the transforms but only returns the result of the last. That makes it behave like C++'s comma operator. For example, a grammar such as:

proto::and_< G0, G1, G2 >

when evaluated with an expression e now behaves like this:

((void)G0()(e), (void)G1()(e), G2()(e))

Behavior Change: proto::as_expr() and proto::as_child()

The functions proto::as_expr() and proto::as_child() are used to guarantee that an object is a Proto expression by turning it into one if it is not already, using an optionally specified domain. In previous releases, when these functions were passed a Proto expression in a domain different to the one specified, they would apply the specified domain's generator, resulting in a twice-wrapped expression. This behavior was surprising to some users.

The new behavior of these two functions is to always leave Proto expressions alone, regardless of the expressions' domains.

Behavior Change: proto::(pod_)generator<> and proto::basic_expr<>

Users familiar with Proto's extension mechanism have probably used either proto::generator<> or proto::pod_generator<> with a wrapper template when defining their domain. In the past, Proto would instantiate your wrapper template with instances of proto::expr<>. In Boost 1.44, Proto now instantiates your wrapper template with instances of a new type: proto::basic_expr<>.

For instance:

// An expression wrapper
template<class Expr>
struct my_expr_wrapper;

// A domain
struct my_domain
  : proto::domain< proto::generator< my_expr_wrapper > >
{};

template<class Expr>
struct my_expr_wrapper
  : proto::extends<Expr, my_expr_wrapper<Expr>, my_domain>
{
  // Before 1.44, Expr was an instance of proto::expr<>
  // In 1.44, Expr is an instance of proto::basic_expr<>
};

The motivation for this change was to improve compile times. proto::expr<> is an expensive type to instantiate because it defines a host of member functions. When defining your own expression wrapper, the instance of proto::expr<> sits as a hidden data member function in your wrapper and the members of proto::expr<> go unused. Therefore, the cost of those member functions is wasted. In contrast, proto::basic_expr<> is a very lightweight type with no member functions at all.

The vast majority of programs should recompile without any source changes. However, if somewhere you are assuming that you will be given instances specifically of proto::expr<>, your code will break.

New Feature: Sub-domains

In Boost 1.44, Proto introduces an important new feature called "sub-domains". This gives you a way to spcify that one domain is compatible with another such that expressions in one domain can be freely mixed with expressions in another. You can define one domain to be the sub-domain of another by using the third template parameter of proto::domain<>.

For instance:

// Not shown: define some expression
// generators genA and genB

struct A
  : proto::domain< genA, proto::_ >
{};

// Define a domain B that is the sub-domain
// of domain A.
struct B
  : proto::domain< genB, proto::_, A >
{};

Expressions in domains A and B can have different wrappers (hence, different interfaces), but they can be combined into larger expressions. Without a sub-domain relationship, this would have been an error. The domain of the resulting expression in this case would be A.

The complete description of sub-domains can be found in the reference sections for proto::domain<> and proto::deduce_domain.

New Feature: Domain-specific as_expr() and as_child()

Proto has always allowed users to customize expressions post-hoc by specifying a Generator when defining their domain. But it has never allowed users to control how Proto assembles sub-expressions in the first place. As of Boost 1.44, users now have this power.

Users defining their own domain can now specify how proto::as_expr() and proto::as_child() work in their domain. They can do this easily by defining nested class templates named as_expr and/or as_child within their domain class.

For example:

struct my_domain
  : proto::domain< my_generator >
{
  typedef
      proto::domain< my_generator >
  base_domain;

  // For my_domain, as_child does the same as
  // what as_expr does by default.
  template<class T>
  struct as_child
    : base_domain::as_expr<T>
  {};
};

In the above example, my_domain::as_child<> simply defers to proto::domain::as_expr<>. This has the nice effect of causing all terminals to be captured by value instead of by reference, and to likewise store child expressions by value. The result is that expressions in my_domain are safe to store in auto variables because they will not have dangling references to intermediate temporary expressions. (Naturally, it also means that expression construction has extra runtime overhead of copying that the compiler may or may not be able to optimize away.)

Boost 1.43

In Boost 1.43, the recommended usage of proto::extends<> changed slightly. The new usage looks like this:

// my_expr is an expression extension of the Expr parameter
template<typename Expr>
struct my_expr
  : proto::extends<Expr, my_expr<Expr>, my_domain>
{
    my_expr(Expr const &expr = Expr())
      : proto::extends<Expr, my_expr, my_domain>(expr)
    {}

    // NEW: use the following macro to bring
    // proto::extends::operator= into scope.
    BOOST_PROTO_EXTENDS_USING_ASSIGN(my_expr)
};

The new thing is the use of the BOOST_PROTO_EXTENDS_USING_ASSIGN() macro. To allow assignment operators to build expression trees, proto::extends<> overloads the assignment operator. However, for the my_expr template, the compiler generates a default copy assignment operator that hides the ones in proto::extends<>. This is often not desired (although it depends on the syntax you want to allow).

Previously, the recommended usage was to do this:

// my_expr is an expression extension of the Expr parameter
template<typename Expr>
struct my_expr
  : proto::extends<Expr, my_expr<Expr>, my_domain>
{
    my_expr(Expr const &expr = Expr())
      : proto::extends<Expr, my_expr, my_domain>(expr)
    {}

    // OLD: don't do it like this anymore.
    using proto::extends<Expr, my_expr, my_domain>::operator=;
};

While this works in the majority of cases, it still doesn't suppress the implicit generation of the default assignment operator. As a result, expressions of the form a = b could either build an expression template or do a copy assignment depending on whether the types of a and b happen to be the same. That can lead to subtle bugs, so the behavior was changed.

The BOOST_PROTO_EXTENDS_USING_ASSIGN() brings into scope the assignment operators defined in proto::extends<> as well as suppresses the generation of the copy assignment operator.

Also note that the proto::literal<> class template, which uses proto::extends<>, has been chaged to use BOOST_PROTO_EXTENDS_USING_ASSIGN(). The implications are highlighted in the sample code below:

proto::literal<int> a(1), b(2); // two non-const proto literals
proto::literal<int> const c(3); // a const proto literal

a = b; // No-op. Builds an expression tree and discards it.
       // Same behavior in 1.42 and 1.43.

a = c; // CHANGE! In 1.42, this performed copy assignment, causing
       // a's value to change to 3. In 1.43, the behavior is now
       // the same as above: build and discard an expression tree.

I'd like to thank Joel de Guzman and Hartmut Kaiser for being willing to take a chance on using Proto for their work on Spirit-2 and Karma when Proto was little more than a vision. Their requirements and feedback have been indespensable.

Thanks also to Thomas Heller and again to Hartmut for their feedback and suggestions during the redesign of Phoenix. That effort yielded several valuable advanced features such as sub-domains, external transforms, and per-domain as_child customization.

Thanks to Daniel James for providing a patch to remove the dependence on deprecated configuration macros for C++0x features.

Thanks to Joel Falcou and Christophe Henry for their enthusiasm, support, feedback, and humor; and for volunteering to be Proto's co-maintainers.

Thanks to Dave Abrahams for an especially detailed review, and for making a VM with msvc-7.1 available so I could track down portability issues on that compiler.

Many thanks to Daniel Wallin who first implemented the code used to find the common domain among a set, accounting for super- and sub-domains. Thanks also to Jeremiah Willcock, John Bytheway and Krishna Achuthan who offered alternate solutions to this tricky programming problem.

Thanks also to the developers of PETE. I found many good ideas there.